过去完成时各种用法的常见考法和误区提醒
1. 概念：表示过去的过去
  构成：had +过去分词
2. 用法
1) 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句中；
She said (that) she had never been to Paris. 她说她从来没有去过巴黎。
2) 状语从句为过去时，主句动作发生在前时；
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到的时候，贼已经逃跑了。
3) 用hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等的过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 
我们希望你能来，可是你没有。
3. 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。
He said that he had learned some English before.

他说他之前学过一袭英语。

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By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
十二岁时，Edison就开始养活自己了。
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
Tom赶到聚会地点时，大多数的宾客已经走了，他很失望。
4. 用一般过去时代替完成时
1) 两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then, and, but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。
When she saw the mouse, she screamed.
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.
2) 两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时;如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
当我听到这个消息时，我很兴奋。
3) 叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
我们的老师告诉我们，Columbus于1492年发现了美洲大陆。
5. 表示在过去某一时间或某一动作发生之前已经完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。
By the end of last term, we had learned 2,000 words.
到上学期末时，我们已经学了2,000个词。
He had left before I got home.
他在我回来之前就走了。
6. hope, expect, think, intend, want, suppose等用于过去完成时，表示未实现的希望、打算或意图，意为“原本……”。
We had expected that you would be able to win the match.
我本以为你们能够赢得这场比赛。
7. “It/This/That was＋the＋序数词＋time＋that...”句式中，that后的从句用过去完成时。
It was the third time that he had made the same mistake.
这是他第三次犯同样的错误。
8. “hardly/scarcely...when...”和“no sooner...than...”结构中，主句用过去完成时。
Hardly had the game started when it started to rain.
比赛一开始，天就下雨了。
常见考法
1. 基本概念的考查；
2. 和被动语态一起考查以增加难度；
3. 将空设在从句中。
误区提醒
1. 对“过去的过去”认识不清；
2. 受被动语态等因素的影响；

3. 有从句时主从时间的先后辨别不清。

Are you facing a situation that looks impossible to fix?
In 1969, the pollution was terrible along the Cuyahoga River near Cleveland, Ohio.It __1__(be) unimaginable that it could ever be cleaned up. The river was so polluted that it __2__(actual)caught fire and burned. Now, years later, this river is one of __3__ most outstanding examples of environmental clean up.
But the river wasn't changed in a few days __4__ even a few months. It took years of work __5__(reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water. Finally, that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is __6__(clean) than ever.
Maybe you are facing an impossible situation. Maybe you have a habit __7__ is driving your family crazy. Possibly you drink too much or don't know how to control your credit card use. When you face such an impossible situation, don't you want a quick fix and something to change immediately?
While there are __8__(amaze) stories of instant transformation, for most of us the __9__(change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river. Just be __10__(patience)．

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